What is Linux:
GNU / Linux (in English: GNU / Linux; sometimes called Linux) is a free operating system open source. Because of its development in the framework of the GNU project, has a GNU / Linux is a high degree of freedom to modify and run the distribution and development of its parts, and is GNU / Linux systems like Unix and classified in the family of Unix as well as other systems, some owned and some are free for ex : solaris and FreeBSD. S.. D.
Because of the freedom provided by the GNU / Linux has opened the way for others to develop it has succeeded in establishing a system developed by multiple parties, even now working on a wide range of platforms, ranging from domestic giant, mobile phones, and developed user interfaces force it to support all the languages of the world almost, because of being a free and open source and easy to adapt and change the behavior of the system, the rapid development and high numbers of users are increasing the level of personal devices and servers.
UNIX :
Designed and implemented a Unix operating system in 1969 with the support of Bell Laboratories in the United States, both by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Awasanna. The first issue published in 1971, and was initially written completely in assembly language, which was to type is common at the time. In 1973, has taken AT & T (formerly known as Bell Labs), a decision to re-write Unix using the language of the CIA, rather than assembly language, which in turn will facilitate the transfer of the operating system to other computers and to enable other developers to add and improve the operating system. Decision in the Bell Labs has helped accelerate the development of Unix and the company AT & T Unix license the product to universities, businesses, and the Government of the United States for use in their research and development. Thus emerged dozens of copies of Unix different in record time, prompting Bell to issue a Unix Mgelloukh source as System3, in 1983, has also the same company to amend a license to use the core of Unix so that it became a commercial version, did not allow the Bell amendment to this version or the production of commercial version based on this version. And the effects of its outrage from fans on both Unix and Mtorah. Among them was a man named Richard Stallman that anger is also the company's decision, so he did not digest the idea of restricting copy of Unix, so he used to work on the kernel and modify to suit the work and when it was discovered that he would not get the kernel source to be amended in line with the nature of his work, he decided to create the GNU project.
Beginning with the GNU Project :
Richard Stallman launched the GNU Project on 27 September 1983, to build a free operating system fully provides for freedom of computer users and relieve them from having to use proprietary software rob them of their freedom to modify and adapt the software and share with each other. The project started in the writing of the GNU operating system almost from scratch by writing alternative tools for the Unix system tools, so replace them one after the other to complete the operating system. With the end of the eighties and early nineties were almost all the basic components of the GNU system had been completed except the nucleus, even then, were not there the nucleus of a fully fledged GNU system, but there have been attempts are still at the beginning of the work of the nucleus (which later known as the Hurd) is based on a microkernel Mach, but this took a very long time. Here comes the role of the Linux kernel.
The Linux kernel :
In 1991, he began to develop the nucleus of another dream of the Finnish student Linus Torvalds while studying at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Initially Torvalds used Minix on his personal computer, a simplified version of the Unix-like operating system developed by Prof. Andrew Tanenbaum for teaching used in the design of operating systems. However, Tanenbaum did not permit others to the development of Minix, which prompted Linus to write a replacement.
At first it was necessary to have a computer works Bmenks to prepare and install GNU / Linux, and there was also a need for another operating system to load and run GNU / Linux. But then came an independent boot loaders such as LILO. Outweigh the GNU / Linux quickly Menks functionally; tamed Torvalds and the Linux kernel developers work early to work with the components of GNU tools and user environment for the work of a complete operating system function freely.
Currently, Torvalds continues to direct the development of the nucleus, while the evolution of other components such as the GNU independently (the development of the Linux kernel is not part of the GNU Project). Based groups and other companies to distribute these components with each other in the form of Linux distributions
The GNU project was designed to create an operating system like Unix, and already started working on it in 1985 and programming many of the tools that belong to operating systems, such as text editors and complexes, and in the late eighties were all key components of the system exists except the nucleus and have already started working on the project, known as after the name Hurd, but I took this nucleus for a long time for programming, and shortly after began working in the Hurd appeared kernel Linux independently from the GNU project, but interested in the free system integrated begun work on the adaptation of the kernel of Linux to work with GNU, and thus merged with the nucleus Linux tools and the GNU project to create a free operating system completely unusable without any non-free components.
Means people often with the word "Linux" operating system integrated which contains the graphical interface and other programs of the complexes and the other, but in fact prefer Manasroa the GNU project, and especially Richard Stallman launched the name GNU / Linux on the system, because in fact, Linux is a kernel operating system, while a GNU tools the bulk of the system without which the Linux kernel almost useless, and with reference to the GNU people remember the idea behind the system in the form of the GNU project and his philosophy.
Development and maturity:
There are many factors behind the attention bestowed upon the system in the beginning by the developers. Of the license governing the system. But the most important factor was the integration that has occurred between a project for Linux, the GNU Project. As the Linux kernel provided which can operate over hundreds of GNU programs. The Union between Linux and the GNU system, giving a complete, full of tools and programs needed by any user at the time. When Torvalds no Linux in the first time, it supports Intel 386 only and can not be discharged programmatically only through a system Menks, but now supports multiple processors and hardware, so it is currently being used in portable devices and compact, as well as for spare computer and equipment of all kinds. System has a GNU / Linux is a high degree of security and reliability. He even used in more places sensitivity, increasing the systems support him and spread, and support for companies producing software and solutions for him, it became possible to use the database system Oracle in GNU / Linux, and a wide range of enterprise solutions from IBM, HP, Novell and other become available and / or based on GNU / Linux. Because the system GNU / Linux requires the presence of the powers to implement any order because of the fact that viruses carrying out specific actions and the mechanism of a particular, it is difficult to get the virus on the validity of the act of sabotage that for virus-oriented programs GNU / Linux The virus targeted to the nucleus, they encounter the problem of the continuing evolution of the nucleus.
Supports the core of Linux as a major types of gear, but it is superior to many other systems in this area, the speed of the development of Linux makes it provides support for cutting gear modern very rapidly, as it supports cutting gear heavy foot that stopped a lot of other systems for its support. But sometimes face problems in the Linux supporting pieces of equipment where there is no documentation to help support her writing, and refrain manufacturers of these pieces have to provide support on Linux, like many of the internal modems.
Characterized by the GNU / Linux stability and security system tighter and that there is some versions or distributions midwife to work on different hardware devices such as IBM and compatible with the Macintosh computers and devices Amiga and even large appliances based on RISC processors, known among the people as devices Mini / Mainframe. Contains the kernel of Linux on all the features found in any operating system, including the method of involvement of a single processor between the functions of an independent, multi-and also allows the kernel to use an extended frequency of computer memory, called memory imagination that lead to improved performance in the Department of memory management division of memory the computer key to small sections to reduce the problem of saturation of the memory. GNU / Linux system is case sensitive, unlike most systems, the uppercase and lowercase letters are significantly different in GNU / Linux.
Use GNU / Linux has historically mainly operating system for servers, but the low cost, flexibility, and likened him to a Unix system, make it suitable for many applications.
As a result of low cost and high capacity to adjust and set up, the GNU / Linux systems one of the most important built-in television sets and systems, mobile phones and portable electronic devices.
Spread GNU / Linux (as well as system servers) as well as the operating system for computers, super-supercomputer. In the Bulletin of November 2005 to the 500 fastest supercomputer, the fastest two computers working system GNU / Linux, and out of five hundred computers, 371 (74.2%) were working copies of different GNU / Linux, seven of the top ten were also working system GNU / Linux. Today, we are in 2011, the speed and stability, flexibility and safety are the most important characteristic of Linux and become a leader in many applications.
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